By Jessica Diaz, Environmental Science Program Manager
What is an invasive species?
An invasive species is an organism (disease, parasite, plant, or animal) that is non-native to an ecosystem and causes economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Invasive species aggressively establish themselves upon introduction. Not all non-native species are considered invasive, but they all have the potential to become invasive. Invasives cause damage by thriving in their new environment and rapidly spreading. They can change or degrade the habitat, displace and compete with native species, and impact the economy. Their disruption can also reduce the biodiversity of an ecosystem, resulting in a less resilient ecosystem that is further susceptible to other invasive species, disease, climate change, and environmental stressors.
How do invasive species get to an ecosystem?
Invasive and non-native species are transported intentionally or accidentally by humans through various pathways. Species are intentionally introduced as pest control, for economic reasons or beautification purposes. Species are also accidentally introduced as a byproduct of human activities. For example, as an unintentional passenger on ships, ship ballast water, firewood, or even hiking gear. Introduction can also occur from unwanted or escaped pets, especially exotic pets. Ballast water is a huge vector, as organisms native to other ports hitch a ride in the waters used to stabilize ships. While not a threat in their previous environments, they can become one here, just as species native to our Chesapeake Bay can become threats elsewhere.
What can we do about invasive species?
At the state and national level, laws guide and mandate how agencies, businesses, organizations, and individuals manage invasive species. For example, the
Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act was the first federal law addressing aquatic nuisance species. It focused on ballast water introductions after the discovery of zebra mussels in the Chesapeake Bay and beyond. But there is no mechanism for universal enforcement so it’s up to individuals to follow protocols such as cleaning boots or boats.
We can advocate to our government and elected officials to pass laws or update existing ones to better address invasive species. We can also do our part as organizations and individuals.
Prevention and mitigation are key to stopping invasive species. We can do this by:
Stay tuned for our next blog post where we’ll dive deeper into aquatic invasive species.
Sources:
NOAA.What is an invasive species? National Ocean Service website, https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/invasive.html, 01/18/23.
USDA. What are invasive species? National Invasive Species Information Center, https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/what-are-invasive-species.